abstract to treat bone defects, repairing the nerve-rich periosteum is critical for repairing the local electric field. in this study, an endogenous electric field is coupled with 2d black phosphorus electroactive periosteum to explore its role in promoting bone regeneration through nerves. scanning electron microscopy (sem) and transmission electron microscopy (tem) are used to characterize the electrically active biomimetic periosteum. here, the in vitro effects exerted by the electrically active periosteum on the transformation of schwann cells into the repair phenotype, axon initial segment (ais) and dense core vesicle (dcv) of sensory neurons, and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells are assessed using sem, immunofluorescence, rna-sequencing, and calcium ion probes. the electrically active periosteum stimulates schwann cells into a neuroprotective phenotype via the fanconi anemia pathway, enhances the ais effect of sensory neurons, regulates dcv transport, and releases neurotransmitters, promoting the osteogenic transformation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. microcomputed tomography and other in vivo techniques are used to study the effects of the electrically active periosteum on bone regeneration. the results show that the electrically active periosteum promotes nerve-induced osteogenic repair, providing a potential clinical strategy for bone regeneration.
