科研绘图sci画图作图学术杂志封面设计toc示意图文章配图医学动画-9479威尼斯

despite the considerable efforts made to increase the prevalence of autogenous fistula in patients on hemodialysis, tunneled cuffed catheters are still an important access modality and used in a high percentage of the hemodialysis population. however, because of the conundrum posed by tunneled cuffed catheters, patients can develop a multitude of complications, including thrombosis, infections, formation of a fibrin sheath, and central vein stenosis, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality as well as placing a heavy burden on the healthcare system. however, with an increasing number of studies now focusing on how to manage these catheter-related complications, there has been less translational research on the pathology of these complications. this review of the most recent literature provides an update on the pathological aspects of catheter-related complications, highlighting what we need to know and what is yet to be discovered. the future research strategies and innovations needed to prevent these complications are also addressed.